Implementing Sustainable Tourism : Australia and France
Sustainable development has been developed in tourism issue for quite a long time. This concept was first published by The World Commission on Environment and Development on 1987, twenty-two years ago. The global changes of environment on late 1980s brought conscious to human that every activity would cause impacts to earth, so did the tourism.
Tourism could be classified as an economic activity that caused both good and bad impacts. Large amount of infrastructure developing to support the tourism in a country sometimes will cause damage to its environment. It’s too bad if the development didn’t consider damage for generations in the future. That’s why, the development which based on interest to environment reservation, both on renewable and natural resources, can reduce the damage.
Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report:
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
• the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."
World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as “tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems”. We could underline that sustainable development tries to balancing tourism from economical revenue and reduce the social and environmental loss. Tourism should adapt this sustainable method. Tourism uses community resources like culture, tradition, and facilitation and consumer behavior like shopping. Tourism provides opportunity for isolated society reduces the poverty, creates work field, and so on.
Sustainable tourism principals :
a.Economic Sustainability : tourism is built to provide revenues both in long and short term.
b.Ecological Sustainability : the raise of tourism must be balanced with maintenance in ecological process, biological diversity and biological resources.
c.Cultural Sustainability : tourism can increase society control among their lives based on their culture and values that they committed to. It also can raise the community identity.
d.Local Sustainability : tourism is arranged to provide advantages for local communities and also increasing their (monthly) incomes.
Sustainable tourism concept isn’t easily perceived to be applied in every country. Ecological and cultural assets have never provided competitive revenue in tourism. Sometimes, this caused problem when large amount of money spent to build infrastructure is collided with economic calculation. Tourists are not too interested in ecology and cultural based tourism so that type of tourism won’t bring great revenue. Though it is hard at start, seems like developed countries have commit to adopt sustainable tourism concept. Sustainable tourism surely takes quite a long time for its processing to show its progress. For some countries which seriously maintain the sustainable tourism, the advantage is increased significantly.
Australia and France are sample of developed country that has adopted this concept. Their potencies actually support the sustainable tourism as well, while it takes a great commitment of its government. France has its exotic culture. The government seriously explores four principals of sustainable tourism. In the other side, Australia has its exquisite local culture of Aborigines. Mostly they perform a tourism based of local culture, inbound tourism.
In implementing the sustainable tourism, France applies the principals, there are : First, economic sustainability. France develops the economy by presenting rural tour. They attract tourists with beautiful landscapes and natural resources in tourism villages that they develop. The revenue comes from tourist accommodations such as hotels, motels, food and beverages, souvenirs from local people, and many else. Rural tour could give an economical improvement to its local societies, through whole area.
Second one, ecological sustainability. France government has committed to do an environmental reservation; it showed while they developed tourism transportation. The lack of oil resource, which has deal with fuel consumption, forced France government to improve an eco-friendly technology in transportation. They perform hybrid taxi that uses water as its fuel. They also suggest citizens to start using bicycle both in town and village. Right now, we can easily find bicycle rentals in every public corner in Paris for example.
Third one, cultural sustainability. French (language) is one of the cultural products that remain still and protected. French people are well known as extremely loyal to their language that they don’t speak English as well. We all know that English now is a universal language that people all over the world start using it. But the exquisite of French has been improved to appeal tourists having such a short course of learning French. The government invites people to learn French as one of tourism activity in France. French usually claimed as sexy and high class. It invites people’s curiosity to learn French from its origin. France government also commits a great effort to build reservations for its heritage, historical buildings such as Cathedral Saint-Etienne, Eiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe and Louvre Museum .
The success of Australia government in improving their tourism, to optimal local conscious has brought great impact for their image around the world. It mostly because of the unique and charisma of Aborigines: the local tribe in Australia. They have suffered from political discrimination and being treated unwell. But as the government claimed Aborigines existence, they started to invent the tourism by exploring the culture and heritage of Aborigines.
The life of Aborigines has increased well, that they were isolated, now they could provide a better life, like having the same opportunity in work field, national election, job training, education, and many more. They become the object of tourism and also the subject that they can contribute their skills to amuse tourists who visit their village. They become tour leaders, build a cultural center of Aborigines which maintained by local people.
Here are some examples of Australia government success in developing cultural based tourism.
• To make human resources more optimal
Australia government found out that indigenous tourism need well-trained and capable human resources. The government started developing the Aborigines to be more educated so that they could have better living standard, as well as the white people did.
Aborigines get involved in many ways, for one reason, developing the tourism. They also let the world conscious about their existence. They have been treated well like white people. The got opportunity to access the education, work field, public service, and so on. Some of the cultural center of Aborigines are :
a.Brambuk Aboriginal Culture , is a local name of Grampians National Park which is located in Victoria. It is a cultural centre of Aborigines, from the Koorie community.
b.Bunjilaka, is a culture museum of Aborigines which is located in Melbourne.
Indigenous tourism concept which elaborate the government and Aborigines capability ever caused a controversy that the government is perceived only to have exploitative deed about Aborigines heritage to maximize their revenue in tourism. But recently they could state that the involvement of Aborigines in indigenous tourism is also significant. For example, Brambuk is role by whole Aborigines in that area. The biro, travel agent, culture center, are held on by Aborigines, Kepa Kurl is a travel agent which owned by Doc Reynolds and Gail Reynolds Adamson who are truly Aborigines descendant. Kepa Kurl become one of the most influential travel agent in Australia.
• Processing of natural resources – utilization of land.
Building indigenous products needs capability and promising resources to role this business. Australia government really supports Aboriginal Tourism Australia in developing the Financial Management Guide – the Business of Indigenous Tourism to start this new way of tourism. Infrastructures are built to support this case. They make up tourism objects to attract tourists. Cultural centers are also built as a vessel for communities, tourist, and Aborigines to share things and to interact.
Those cultural centers and indigenous tourism objects have impacts for the environment. Infrastructure like roads, bridges, electricity and water line, is developed to support indigenous tourism. Australia utilizes the natural resources to build cultural centers as one way of optimizing its land. Land usage requires policy so that the sustainable concept can be applied in tourism and still can save the environment. Several policies that Australian government made in order to protect the environment are:
a. 77.000.000 hectare or approximately 10% from whole land in Australia is protected.
b. Build national parks all over the country. “National parks and world heritage areas are the heart of this system and are essential to Australia’s tourism industry. There were 84 million visits to national parks in Australia in 2001–02, contributing an estimated $54 million in direct revenue for park management agencies, including from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park” .
c. For Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia government has deal an MOU with Queensland district to keep the quality of its sea area, also known as Reef Quality Water Protection Plan. In 2006, a review is published to increase the protection for this area. It said that government will stick to that program until 2013. The program works out effectively that they enlarge the zone from 4.5% up to 33.3% .
Tourism could be classified as an economic activity that caused both good and bad impacts. Large amount of infrastructure developing to support the tourism in a country sometimes will cause damage to its environment. It’s too bad if the development didn’t consider damage for generations in the future. That’s why, the development which based on interest to environment reservation, both on renewable and natural resources, can reduce the damage.
Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report:
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
• the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."
World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as “tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems”. We could underline that sustainable development tries to balancing tourism from economical revenue and reduce the social and environmental loss. Tourism should adapt this sustainable method. Tourism uses community resources like culture, tradition, and facilitation and consumer behavior like shopping. Tourism provides opportunity for isolated society reduces the poverty, creates work field, and so on.
Sustainable tourism principals :
a.Economic Sustainability : tourism is built to provide revenues both in long and short term.
b.Ecological Sustainability : the raise of tourism must be balanced with maintenance in ecological process, biological diversity and biological resources.
c.Cultural Sustainability : tourism can increase society control among their lives based on their culture and values that they committed to. It also can raise the community identity.
d.Local Sustainability : tourism is arranged to provide advantages for local communities and also increasing their (monthly) incomes.
Sustainable tourism concept isn’t easily perceived to be applied in every country. Ecological and cultural assets have never provided competitive revenue in tourism. Sometimes, this caused problem when large amount of money spent to build infrastructure is collided with economic calculation. Tourists are not too interested in ecology and cultural based tourism so that type of tourism won’t bring great revenue. Though it is hard at start, seems like developed countries have commit to adopt sustainable tourism concept. Sustainable tourism surely takes quite a long time for its processing to show its progress. For some countries which seriously maintain the sustainable tourism, the advantage is increased significantly.
Australia and France are sample of developed country that has adopted this concept. Their potencies actually support the sustainable tourism as well, while it takes a great commitment of its government. France has its exotic culture. The government seriously explores four principals of sustainable tourism. In the other side, Australia has its exquisite local culture of Aborigines. Mostly they perform a tourism based of local culture, inbound tourism.
In implementing the sustainable tourism, France applies the principals, there are : First, economic sustainability. France develops the economy by presenting rural tour. They attract tourists with beautiful landscapes and natural resources in tourism villages that they develop. The revenue comes from tourist accommodations such as hotels, motels, food and beverages, souvenirs from local people, and many else. Rural tour could give an economical improvement to its local societies, through whole area.
Second one, ecological sustainability. France government has committed to do an environmental reservation; it showed while they developed tourism transportation. The lack of oil resource, which has deal with fuel consumption, forced France government to improve an eco-friendly technology in transportation. They perform hybrid taxi that uses water as its fuel. They also suggest citizens to start using bicycle both in town and village. Right now, we can easily find bicycle rentals in every public corner in Paris for example.
Third one, cultural sustainability. French (language) is one of the cultural products that remain still and protected. French people are well known as extremely loyal to their language that they don’t speak English as well. We all know that English now is a universal language that people all over the world start using it. But the exquisite of French has been improved to appeal tourists having such a short course of learning French. The government invites people to learn French as one of tourism activity in France. French usually claimed as sexy and high class. It invites people’s curiosity to learn French from its origin. France government also commits a great effort to build reservations for its heritage, historical buildings such as Cathedral Saint-Etienne, Eiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe and Louvre Museum .
The success of Australia government in improving their tourism, to optimal local conscious has brought great impact for their image around the world. It mostly because of the unique and charisma of Aborigines: the local tribe in Australia. They have suffered from political discrimination and being treated unwell. But as the government claimed Aborigines existence, they started to invent the tourism by exploring the culture and heritage of Aborigines.
The life of Aborigines has increased well, that they were isolated, now they could provide a better life, like having the same opportunity in work field, national election, job training, education, and many more. They become the object of tourism and also the subject that they can contribute their skills to amuse tourists who visit their village. They become tour leaders, build a cultural center of Aborigines which maintained by local people.
Here are some examples of Australia government success in developing cultural based tourism.
• To make human resources more optimal
Australia government found out that indigenous tourism need well-trained and capable human resources. The government started developing the Aborigines to be more educated so that they could have better living standard, as well as the white people did.
Aborigines get involved in many ways, for one reason, developing the tourism. They also let the world conscious about their existence. They have been treated well like white people. The got opportunity to access the education, work field, public service, and so on. Some of the cultural center of Aborigines are :
a.Brambuk Aboriginal Culture , is a local name of Grampians National Park which is located in Victoria. It is a cultural centre of Aborigines, from the Koorie community.
b.Bunjilaka, is a culture museum of Aborigines which is located in Melbourne.
Indigenous tourism concept which elaborate the government and Aborigines capability ever caused a controversy that the government is perceived only to have exploitative deed about Aborigines heritage to maximize their revenue in tourism. But recently they could state that the involvement of Aborigines in indigenous tourism is also significant. For example, Brambuk is role by whole Aborigines in that area. The biro, travel agent, culture center, are held on by Aborigines, Kepa Kurl is a travel agent which owned by Doc Reynolds and Gail Reynolds Adamson who are truly Aborigines descendant. Kepa Kurl become one of the most influential travel agent in Australia.
• Processing of natural resources – utilization of land.
Building indigenous products needs capability and promising resources to role this business. Australia government really supports Aboriginal Tourism Australia in developing the Financial Management Guide – the Business of Indigenous Tourism to start this new way of tourism. Infrastructures are built to support this case. They make up tourism objects to attract tourists. Cultural centers are also built as a vessel for communities, tourist, and Aborigines to share things and to interact.
Those cultural centers and indigenous tourism objects have impacts for the environment. Infrastructure like roads, bridges, electricity and water line, is developed to support indigenous tourism. Australia utilizes the natural resources to build cultural centers as one way of optimizing its land. Land usage requires policy so that the sustainable concept can be applied in tourism and still can save the environment. Several policies that Australian government made in order to protect the environment are:
a. 77.000.000 hectare or approximately 10% from whole land in Australia is protected.
b. Build national parks all over the country. “National parks and world heritage areas are the heart of this system and are essential to Australia’s tourism industry. There were 84 million visits to national parks in Australia in 2001–02, contributing an estimated $54 million in direct revenue for park management agencies, including from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park” .
c. For Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia government has deal an MOU with Queensland district to keep the quality of its sea area, also known as Reef Quality Water Protection Plan. In 2006, a review is published to increase the protection for this area. It said that government will stick to that program until 2013. The program works out effectively that they enlarge the zone from 4.5% up to 33.3% .
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