Minggu, 02 Januari 2011

Comparison of Sustainable Development Tourism between Australia and China: Case Study Indigenous Tourism in Australia and Tourism in Dubai


Tourism is a traveling which is doing for a moment and not permanently, with the aim not for working. Someone does a tourism activity only to entertain himself in his traveling and to fulfill his various interests. There are five kinds of tourism that we can classify based on the destination. They are local tourism, regional tourism, national tourism, regional international tourism, and international tourism. In this article, we will focus on international tourism. Then we also can classify international tourism into inbound tourism and outbound tourism. Nowadays, in the great development of technology of transportation and communication, the number of international tourists got increased. The increasing number of international tourists made the United Nations as an international organization felt need to make an organization of tourism. This organization called as World Tourism Organization, then changed to be United Nations – World Tourism Organization ( UN – WTO ). UN – WTO noted that 800 millions people on the world did traveling for international tourism in 2008 with three kind of motivations: pleasure (holiday, cultures, sports, relatives, others purpose), professional (meeting, mission, business ), and other tourism motives (studies, health, transit, various ). From all the country on the world, UN – WTO also noted that France, Spain, and United States of America become the top three of the most visited country for tourism.

In international relations, international tourism is not only about moving from one to other countries. It is also about tourism policy, especially for international tourism. To make a policy, the role of the government is a must. The government should make some policy to support and facilitate the international tourism in their country. The supporting policies in international tourism can be interested for international tourists and make them to come to a country for an inbound tourism. The increasing number of international tourism can be a benefit to the destination countries. The country can get more devises from international tourism activities. The successful of international tourism in a country can be seen from some indicators. One of them is sustainable development indicator. Sustainable development is a concept of tourism which is in tourism not only consist of the effect for that moment of tourism activity, but also the continuity effect of tourism consist of economic effects, social – cultural effects and environmental effects. A country can be called as a successful country in sustainable development when it can apply the balance between economic growths, keep the long – lasting social – culture, without the damage of the environmental in the tourism process.
Level of the successful international tourism in a country shouldn’t be looked only from the number of tourists come there. We must also look from the level of sustainable development in those countries. When the numbers of international tourists are much and the country gets many devises but the environment and the social culture can’t be exist, we can’t call that the international tourism in that country is successful. The international tourism is just successful economically and not successful in general term which is also consists of the sustainable development in social – culture and environment.

For example, we can compare the international tourism activities in United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Australia. Especially, we will analyze the tourism of Dubai in UAE and indigenous tourism in Australia. The government of UAE concerns to build the great tourism destination in Dubai. The government has the purpose to pull as many as international tourists to Dubai. To reach this goal, the government built many facilities to support it. The government of UAE built many interesting tourism destinations in Dubai.



The sustainable tourism development in Dubai when it is looked from business aspect, we can conclude that this is the way to reach a goal in tourism. The government of Dubai knows well the strategy that should be applied to make Dubai as an interesting international tourism destination and increase the number of international tourists. The government can predict what kind of tourism that can pull many international tourists. In the implementation of this program, the tourism strategies are a sustainable strategy and not only apply for a moment.
To make the sustainable development in tourism of Dubai, the government applies some principals of sustainable development such as inter – generational equity, Intra - generational equity, social justice and poverty alleviation, Public participation, Environmental protection as integral component of economic development and Dealing cautiously with risk and uncertainty. Then to support those principals, the government of Dubai also planned two elements such as using renewable natural resources and accountability about the standardize of the tourism supporting programs. The government of Dubai planned three pillars of sustainability. They are economic sustainability, which is designed to give beneficial for long time; ecological sustainability, the development with the care of ecology, biology, and natural resources aspects; cultural sustainability, control the society to care about traditional values and cultures that become its identity; and local sustainability, designed to give the beneficial to the local society.
In the other side with a good plan from the government, the sustainable development is a difficult concept to be implemented in Dubai. Basically, the system in Dubai supports the sustainability to be applied. But in fact, there are many barriers in Dubai to implement the sustainable development concept planned by the government. The sustainable development concept planned is too far ranging and complicated. In addition, there are two ideologies about tourism grows in Dubai. First, the group that argues sustainable development concept as the domination of economic sustainability. The other says that sustainable development concept as the domination of ecology sustainability. To solve this problem the government of Dubai must facilitate the link between the two ideologies. The balance sustainability must be developed by the government of Dubai.

The government and the society of Dubai as the stakeholder in international tourism activities of Dubai feel that the tourism development can be implemented in harmony with the continuity system. So, Dubai started to build the supporting facilities for the international tourism programs in Dubai. The government of Dubai implemented the modern technology of tourism to solve the ecological problems causes by the international tourism activities in Dubai. The technology to support the international tourism applies right now can solve the heat problem causes by the international tourism activities.



The sustainable development implemented in Dubai is different with the sustainable development of tourism applied in Australia. When in Dubai there are some difficulties from the ideologies of the society of Dubai, the government of Australia doesn’t face this problem. The Australians are known as the people who concern about the environmental problem. Most of them care to keep the beautiful natural resources such as forests in Australia. Many people in Australia argue that the economic growth must happen as the ecological growth. Although the government of Australia concerns to increase the number of potential international tourism in Australia, the government also still concerns to keep the environmental problem. And even not only environmental problems but also keeps the sustainable development concept about social – culture.

For example, we can analyze how the sustainable development concept of tourism can be implemented in Australia especially in Indigenous Tourism of Australia. First, the development of this program by the Australian government caused some negatives opinion. Many people thought that the indigenous tourism program was the way to exploit the various potential culture of the Aboriginal. But however we can see from the sustainability perspective that the program of indigenous tourism made by the Australian government can be called as a successful tourism program in sustainable development concept.

To support the indigenous tourism program in Australia the government, federal and state, with the help from the Australian society built some cultural centers and researches of Aboriginal such as Guluyambi Aboriginal Cultural Cruise and Djabugay Community in north Queensland. Some of the Aboriginal cultural centers and researches are managed by the Aboriginal people. Of course this can improve the degree of economy of the Indigenous people. In addition, this program also can keep the very great cultures of indigenous people in Australia.

From the environmental aspect, we can see that Australia can solve the environmental problem that can be caused by the indigenous tourism program. Australia can implement the balance between the increase of the number of tourists, the economic growth and the care in environmental problem and cultures. The development of Aboriginal cultural centers and research in the forest doesn’t destroy the environment of the forest. The government of Australia and the society still concern about the forest where the Aboriginal cultural center and research built.



From the comparison about sustainable development in tourism, UAE and Australia, we can conclude that the concept of sustainable development in tourism is not a simple thing. To reach the sustainability of development in tourism, the government should make some supporting policies for tourism, especially for t e international tourism. The sustainable development is not something happen just for a moment. It is not easy to implement the sustainable development concept in tourism. Some supporting policies should be made by the government to apply the sustainable development concept in tourism.



References :

Project work paper about tourism in Dubai and Australia, class of "Tourism in International Relations " 2009

Dr. Bob McKercher. Sustainable Tourism Development – Guiding Principles For Planning and Management. Presentation to the National Seminar on Sustainable Tourism Development. Bishkek, Kyrgystan, November 5-9, 2003.

Schuler, S B. Tourism impacts on an Australian indigenous community: a Djabugay case study. 1999.

http://www.kapanlagi.com/h/0000168682.html

Australian Government Tourism White Paper (http://www.innovation.gov.au/Section/Industry/Documents/TourismWhitePaper2005.pdf)

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